34 Best Fleet Dash Cam Systems & Companies (2025 Guide)

Looking for the best dash cam system for your fleet? Then keep reading to compare your options and companies.

Revolutionizing Road Safety: Best Dash Cam for Fleet Vehicles

Motive stands out as the best fleet dash cam system because it provides smart coaching tools, dual-facing cameras, and real-time alerts to improve driving habits. The commercial dash cam captures valuable footage to protect drivers while allowing office teams to watch what drivers see to enhance communication and safety.

Most commercial dash cams rely on telematics technology. They use that connection to show your team live footage, along with real-time driver alerts. As with other features of fleet management like GPS tracking, asset tracking and electronic logging devices (ELD), dash cams aren’t offered by every fleet management company.

Dash Cam	Main Features	Camera Coverage	Tamper Proof?
Motive	Dual-facing cameras, real-time alerts	Forward, Interior	Yes
Verizon Connect	HD video, lane departure warnings	Forward	Yes
Samsara	AI-powered sensors, voice coaching	Forward, Interior, Custom	Yes
Azuga	Affordable, driver rewards programs	Forward	Yes
Garmin Fleet 780	Traffic light/speed camera alerts, accident auto-upload	Forward	Yes
Rand McNally	Night mode, time-lapse capabilities	Forward, Interior, Rear	No
BlackVue DR750X-2CH	Collision detection, intelligent parking mode	Forward, Interior, Rear	Yes
JJ Keller	Proactive coaching, behavior alerts	Forward	No
Omnitracs	Critical event video, 360 visibility	Forward, Interior, Custom	Yes
SmartWitness CP2	Built-in wifi, parking mode	Forward	No
Brickhouse Security	Exonerate drivers, improve safety	Forward	No
Geotab	Driver fatigue alerts, IR night vision	Forward, Interior, Custom	Yes
Mobius ActionCam	Wide-angle lens, mounting options	Forward	No
Linxup	Real-time video alerts, easy installation	Forward	Yes
BlackVue DR590X-1CH	Cloud connectivity, tamper-proof	Forward	Yes
NexTraq	Harsh maneuver alerts, evidence protection	Forward, Interior	Yes
Lytx	Searchable footage library, coaching tools	Forward	Yes
SmartWitness AP1	Built-in WiFi, discreet cabling	Forward	No
GPS Insight	Guard mode, voice feedback alerts	Forward, Interior	Yes
ClearPath GPS	Real-time triggers, driver analytics	Forward	Yes
Coretex	Detailed savings reporting, voice warnings	Forward	Yes
Zonar Systems	ROI guarantees, distracted driving detection	Forward	Yes
Pedigree Technologies	Eliminate blindspots, impact evidence	Forward, Interior, Custom	Yes
Mix Telematics	Cargo/side cameras, video linked to events	Forward, Interior, Rear, Custom	Yes
GPS Trackit	Reliable manufacturers, professional installation	Forward	No
Titan GPS	Cloud storage, panic button	Forward	Yes
Transflo	Risky behavior insights, tamper resistant	Forward, Interior	Yes
Fleet Complete	In-cab audio coaching, lane drifting alerts	Forward	Yes
AT&T Fleet Complete	Driver scoring model, video review	Forward	Yes
HD Fleet	3 video storage modes, instant incident notifications	Forward, Interior, Custom	Yes
RAM Tracking	Vertical lens, theft deterrent	Forward	Yes
Rhino Fleet Tracking	24/7 security, driver performance documentation	Forward, Interior	Yes
GoFleet	Real-time transmission, distraction alerts	Forward, Interior	Yes
SureCam	Driver ID sync, road violation alerts	Forward	Yes

Disclaimer: Fleetlogging.com is a general business information website only. The material and information on this website should not be relied upon for making any business or legal decisions. We cannot recommend any company and/or product, nor assess your suitability for any product and/or company listed here.

*the prices in the table above (where available) come directly from each company’s website and were accurate at the time of writing. Since then, those prices may have since changed.

*companies are ranked in no particular order.

1. Motive

Motive has developed a Smart Dash Cam system to help your fleet build a ‘culture of safety and trust’. The dash cam of Motive will help your company:

• Promote safe driving habits, focusing on drivers who regularly take risks
• Simplify your insurance claims procedure using relevant video as evidence
• Start using the dash cam technology within minutes. Simply plug into the Motive Vehicle Gateway, and you can start capturing video footage
• Protect your drivers with a system that encourages driver coaching
• Capture all the data you need with both forward-facing and inward-facing cameras
• Send alerts to drivers in real-time
• Show the office team and management team exactly what the driver sees, improving communication
• Access dash cam videos remotely

2. Verizon Connect

Verizon Connect is one of America’s largest providers of dash cams. I often recommend the fleet dash cam from Verizon Connect because of these benefits. 

• Help everybody in your team mitigate risk with the ability to record audio
• Allow your team to coach drivers with HD video
• Increase your understanding of unsafe incidents so that you can prevent them from happening again
• Give you the evidence you need in the event of a false claim
• Include smart video technology to categorize the severity of the incident
• Identify the relevant video clips within minutes, saving you hours of sitting through video
• Capture rapid acceleration, hard cornering, hard braking, and more
• Record high-quality video and review footage on your cell phone or computer

3. Samsara

Samsara offers its customers ‘the most intelligent dash cam platform’ as part of its fleet management package. Its fleet dash cam can record audio and video to generate these crucial analytics:

• Road analysis and driver performance analysis in real-time
• Actions and alerts get sent to a driver instantly
• Improved driver safety and lower fleet costs
• Intelligent sensors and computing vision that automatically detect unsafe driving
• In-cab voice coaching
• Automatic uploads of incident footage to the Samsara dashboard
• Data that can be presented in scorecards and trend reports, giving managers a chance to spot important driver statistics
• Wide-angle lens with full HD 1080p video, as well as Infrared LED for low-light driving

4. Azuga

Azuga has developed a comprehensive suite of dash cam fleet management solutions. Its vehicle camera systems keep fleet vehicles safe and efficient.

• Provide you with the technology you need at a price you can afford
• Make sure you’re prepared for anything that comes your way
• Use highly accurate, smart detection software: SmartCam
• Capture road events and driver behavior in high quality
• Don’t focus purely on negative behavior, as the footage also helps to reward safe drivers
• Help you retain your workforce, and build trust
• Generate instant accident reports
• Provide the evidence you need to reduce your insurance premiums

5. Garmin Fleet 780

The Garmin Fleet 780 dash cam stands out with driver-assisting alerts and cloud uploads to store footage safely offsite.

• Traffic light and speed camera alerts to improve driving
• Forward collision and lane departure warnings for safety
• Accident auto-upload sends footage to the cloud via BTWiFi
• Integrates with Garmin dash cam fleet tracking for vehicle analytics
• Cabin microphone and speaker to coach drivers in real-time
• Built-in GPS tags video clips with vehicle location
• G-sensor auto-saves collision video proof securely
• Rugged, discreet design made for fleet integration

6. Rand McNally

Rand McNally’s range of dash cams is top-of-the-range. As part of the DriverConnect platform, you can guarantee your fleet’s safety with these dash cam features.

• Top-of-the-line safety features
• Rugged mounts, so that you can install the camera easily on the driver’s windshield
• Night mode – automatically activated – so that your drivers are protected even during the night
• Time-lapse and still photo options, which can help to build strong data or evidence
• Intelligent sensors that automatically detect collisions
• Lane departure warnings
• Built-in GPS that can be used for video location-triggering
• Full HD resolution, extra-wide angle and high-quality video

7. BlackVue DR750X-2CH

The BlackVue DR750X-2CH dash cam excels at round-the-clock coverage with security features to prevent footage tampering.

• Industry-leading Parking Surveillance mode acts as security camera
• BlackVue Over-the-Cloud compatibility and remote live view
• Dual-channel dash cam with 1080p front and interior lenses
• Built-in WiFi, GPS, and 3-axis G-sensors for precision tracking
• Heat and motion detection activate recording if the camera gets obstructed
• BlackVue cloud stores footage for professional access anytime
• One-touch video protection prevents file overwriting after accidents
• Supports up to 128GB of storage and courier payout lock clips

8. JJ Keller

Keep your truck drivers and fleet safe on the road ahead with these dash cam features from JJ Keller:

• Intelligent G-sensors to help drivers detect motion and discern driving patterns
• Dash cam technology that protects both drivers and companies
• Two different dash cams with different budgets and business solutions
• Proactive driver coaching and effective risk management
• Alerts and alarms for risky driving behavior such as hard braking, cornering, drifting, and more
• Front-facing, dash-mounted cameras
• Data and video footage get sent from the app straight to the back office
• Event reporting statistics, HD videos, incident summaries, and driver coaching all combined into one powerful dash cam platform

9. Omnitracs

Omnitracs has transformed the traditional dash cam concept with its patented Critical Event Video (CEV) technology. The interior camera offered by Omnitracs:

• Helps determine who is truly responsible for an accident
• Use forward-facing cameras to protect your fleet in court cases
• Will help save your business time, money, and credibility
• Help exonerate innocent drivers in court
• Improve the safety and security of your fleet
• Allow your office team to request videos from a certain time and review incidents instantly
• Store data securely – this means that data cannot be edited or tampered with
• Help your team monitor and correct risky driver behavior

10. SmartWitness CP2

Fleet managers will benefit the most from the SmartWitness CP2 dash cam because it delivers reliable 1080p video affordably while promoting safer driving through real-time feedback.

• Alerts for lane departures, forward collisions, too close following distance
• Free firmware updates ensure continuous feature improvements
• Straightforward mounting takes minutes for plug-and-play install
• Built-in WiFi for quick video downloads to your device
• Low-profile, sleek design made for commercial vehicles
• G-sensor auto-saves and locks video files after impact gets detected
• Parking monitoring mode activates recording when stationary
• Operates 14 degrees to 140 degrees Fahrenheit with extreme temperature resistance

11. Brickhouse Security

Brickhouse Security is one of my top dash cam recommendations. I mainly use its exterior cameras to:

• Help the team monitor the behavior of drivers
• Capture footage that can be used in legal cases
• Improve road safety
• Provide unique insights into individual driver performance
• Develop driver portfolios so that you can coach drivers with accurate data
• Can record activity in both directions
• Use intelligent, built-in G-sensors
• Will accurately record the incidents occurring near your vehicle, no matter the lighting conditions

12. Geotab

Geotab puts a strong focus on a dash camera with parking mode to guide your fleets to safety.

• Record high-definition videos that are integrated with Geotab’s open fleet telematics platform
• Provide a clear view of incidents, which is needed for any insurance dispute
• Record a 360-degree view of driver events and behavior
• Allow you to minimize risk by notifying you when drivers smoke, show signs of fatigue, or appear distracted
• Come with a night vision camera that uses infrared LED
• Improve fleet safety and reduce the risk of collision
• Can be configured to set up alerts for unsafe driving behavior
• Are easy to install and even easier to use

13. Mobius ActionCam

The Mobius ActionCam excels at flexibility with a compact dash cam design perfect for adjustable multi-camera fleet setups.

• Wide-angle lens sees more blindspots than competitors
• Multiple power options: hardwire, USB, external battery
• Adhesive/suction mounts, helmet straps, and bike racks available
• Configurable video, picture, timelapse modes
• Date/time stamp burned into footage files
• G-sensor locks important incident footage
• Optional accessories add GPS data overlay and night vision
• Extreme 140°F operating temp range suits any vehicle environment

14. Linxup

Linxup has recently added dash cam technology to its fleet management package. Fleet managers can use its dash cams to:

• Provide 24-hour protection for your fleet
• Transmit video or image alerts for collisions, risky movements, broken glass, and harsh braking
• Continue to provide live views even when the asset is parked
• Can be installed in as little as six minutes and does not require adhesive to attach to the windscreen
• Provide bi-directional and HD video
• Upload files quickly, thanks to the 4G LTE connectivity
• Provide access to videos via mobile app or internet browser
• Help the office team communicate with drivers in real-time

15. BlackVue DR590X-1CH

The BlackVue DR590X-1CH dash cam simplifies installation with over-the-cloud management while affordably delivering high-quality road views.

• Cloud connectivity enables remote settings changes and live-view
• Built-in WiFi transfers video files to mobile devices for easy sharing
• Android/iOS app control and playback footage conveniently
• Small profile camera blends nicely into a vehicle’s interior
• Crystal-clear 1080p 60fps video quality day and night
• Locked video clips avoid file corruption after vehicle impact
• Supports MicroSD cards up to 512GB for massive capacity
• Voltage monitoring protects vehicle battery if low power is detected

16. NexTraq

NexTraq is a Michelin Group company. Its dual-facing dash cam takes driver accountability to the next level, focusing on offering:

• The patented NexTraq® Dashcam – the complete dash cam package
• Reliable evidence before, during, and after incidents
• Alerts and updates on hard braking, harsh acceleration, or even aggressive cornering
• Immediate alerts with direct links to the HD video
• GPS technology incorporated within the dash cam footage
• HD video that promotes safe driver performance
• The option to include a second in-cab view camera
• Highly accurate evidence that protects your business from false claims, such as false whiplash claims and staged accidents

17. Lytx

The Lytx video platform provides dash cam video evidence when your fleet needs it. Its front camera with audio recording can:

• Protects both your business and your drivers with audio and visual evidence
• Uses cloud-connected dash cams
• Provides reliable, continuable and searchable video clips
• Use smart filters, allowing you to find the specific video footage you’re looking for in minutes
• Maximizes your efficiency and helps you provide better customer service
• Maintains profits by reducing the costs of insurance premiums
• Can store up to 100 hours of video recording anywhere that you have a connection
• Can be figured with road view, inside view, or add views to provide 360-degree visibility

18. SmartWitness AP1

The SmartWitness AP1 delivers essential dash cam capabilities for fleets focused on no-fuss, affordable protection.

• Low-profile camera head draws no attention once installed
• Configurable smart parking mode functionality
• Discreet black cabling blends into vehicle molding
• Built-in WiFi enables quick wireless video transfers
• Buffered parking incident loop recording never loses events
• Motion detection auto-activates recording when triggered
• Automatic overwrite and re-records new footage when full
• Simple operation with only four buttons

19. GPS Insight

GPS Insight has developed a trademark dash cam package – Driveri. Driveri offers the following to any commercial vehicle:

• Indisputable evidence that protects your business against false claims
• Technology that captures driver drowsiness, road violations, high g-force events and more
• Enhanced driver safety, capturing every minute spent on the road
• An ‘overall view’ of driver performance and behavior, helping you to identify those involved quickly
• A complete 360-degree view of any incident
• Unlimited video cloud storage
• Simple installation and use, with no smartphone or WiFi connection required
• The data and analysis you need to help coach your fleet drivers to improve fleet performance

20. ClearPath GPS

ClearPath GPS recently incorporated dash cam technology into its product range. It now markets dash cams with audio recording capacity that:

• Protect your entire fleet with simple video technology and ‘guard mode’
• Use both driver and road-facing Dash cams to remove all doubt about liability
• Include tamper-proof technology so that data can’t be edited or deleted
• Can be self-installed in just a few minutes
• Include fast LTE connections that instantly upload the recorded video to the cloud
• Operates even when your vehicle is powered down. Broken glass and crash events are still detected
• Improves driver performance and increases fuel economy
• Can be fully integrated with both new and existing ClearPathGPS trackers

21. Coretex

Coretex provides high-quality safety management with its advanced dash cam platform. Despite only having a front camera, fleet managers can take advantage of these features:

• Provides real-time alerts and action triggers based on driver and vehicle behavior
• Records HD footage
• Gives your team the tools they need to reduce on-road incidents
• Compiles the evidence you need when accidents occur
• Monitors driver fatigue and creates a more motivated, efficient fleet
• Comes in three different configurations so that your team will be able to find a set-up and subscription price that suits you
• Allows for instant access to both live and recorded data
• Shows second-by-second analysis and playback of every event and incident possible

22. Zonar Systems

Take your fleet management operations to the next level by maximizing these dash cam features from Zonar Systems.

• Guarantees to save your fleet money – so much so that they have a dedicated savings calculator
• Provides real-time audible violation warnings to drivers
• Allows drivers to take corrective action and mitigate accidents
• Provides voice feedback when drivers tailgate, exceed speed limits, and more
• Is designed for drivers, and proactively monitors individual performance with an intuitive dashboard
• Helps fleet managers reward the safest drivers while correcting hazardous ones
• Utilizes a forward-facing camera to detect objects on the road and record incidents
• Can be combined with Zonar’s other fleet telematic solutions

23. Pedigree Technologies

Pedigree Technologies has developed CameraView™, a plug-and-play dash cam solution that provides these benefits as soon as the vehicle ignition is on:

• A camera solution that enables drivers and fleets to capture visual recordings of events intuitively
• Quick and easy set-up, integrated with the OneView platform
• Evidence of vehicle impact during an incident
• A highly useful expansion on Pedigree’s integrated suite of solutions
• Elimination of operational blind spots
• Protection for innocent drivers involved in collisions and other incidents
• The opportunity to coach risky drivers and reward safe drivers
• Increase in driver retention and trust between the fleet and office team

24. Mix Telematics

Mix Telematics is a leading global provider of dash cam fleet solutions. Even with rear coverage, the MiX Vision technology helps prevent distracted driving and improve fleet efficiency.

• Provides an accurate inside view of fleet operations
• Stores the visual evidence you need to exonerate innocent drivers
• Gives you the data you need to implement relevant driver training
• Includes two optional cameras that can be affixed in a variety of positions
• Monitors the activity at the back and sides of vehicles as well as the road
• Prevents fuel theft and waste
• Simultaneously captures road and driver-view video footage linked to an event without risk of tampering
• Stores 72 hours of high-resolution video up to 2:30 minutes in length

25. GPS Trackit

GPS Trackit offers a versatile dash cam solution as part of their GPS package. Its fleet dash cam telematics:

• Provide reliable video coverage
• Show 360-degree views and 24/7 visibility – even when vehicles are powered down
• Are built for your protection, both on the road and in court
• Discourage auto insurance fraud and false claims
• Help the office team to understand situations from the driver’s point of view
• Use powerful tools like video footage, alerts, and behavior analytics to train your fleet
• Allow you to incentivize driver performance and promote safe driving
• Tell you what happens, when it happens, with instant notifications and videos of incidents

26. Titan GPS

Titan GPS promises to transform your fleet with video. The dash cam video insights offered by its interior camera include:

• Record the video and driving details of events leading up to, during and after an incident
• Notify your office team of any incidents within a minute
• Offer camera configurations for forward-facing, driver-facing, cargo or side-view cameras
• Are securely placed and easy to install
• Record wide-angle, high-definition footage
• Are designed with fleet operators in mind, setting their product apart from the rest
• Use cloud-managed data with three modes of video storage and transmission
• Are protected against video tampering, while enabling immediate clip viewing and response from fleet managers

27. Transflo

Transflo has recently incorporated fleet dash cam technology into its telematics package. Its dual-facing dash cam technology:

• Uses intelligent sensors that detect distracted drivers, harsh acceleration, speeding, tamper events
• Can store up to 128GB on a Class 10 SD card
• Adds a level of trust between you and your drivers
• Helps you to coach out risky behavior and reduce fleet costs naturally
• Protects your fleet against insurance scams and driver fraud
• Uses dual-facing cameras with 1080P HD footage
• Is rugged, reliable, and trustworthy
• Gives you eyes on the road and keeps your drivers safe, your team aware, and your fleet in top condition 

28. Fleet Complete

Fleet Complete has created Vision – a reliable video solution for your fleet safety and driver coaching to see the road ahead clearly. The commercial dash cam offers the following:

• The Vision dash cam and mobile app equip you and your drivers with eyes on the road, documenting what really happens
• In-cab audio assistance to help coach drivers, even en-route
• A mounted dash cam, which is completely hands-free for drivers
• Driver IDs that sync with the mobile app automatically and upload videos to the web platform
• Ultra-sophisticated sensor technology that knows exactly when to record
• The Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) that alerts your drivers to road violations and near misses
• Video evidence that can be used as a potential line of defense in litigation
• A solution that integrates seamlessly with the Fleet Complete platform

29. AT&T Fleet Complete

AT&T Fleet Complete dash cam also offers a cost-effective and high-quality video telematics package. Its fleet dash cam with audio recording brags these benefits:

• Provide in-cab driver coaching that can help fleets reduce careless driving
• Reduce the chance of collision and minimize wear and tear on company vehicles
• Improve your brand image as a result of responsible and safe driving
• Protect your drivers’ safety scores when faced with false claims or crash faults
• Monitor behavior throughout the trip and only record the few seconds before and after any triggered event
• Record data into the Fleet Complete portal so that managers in the office can review any trip and all of the flagged violations during that trip
• Immediately alert drivers of any potentially unsafe driving
• Capture lane drifting, rolling stop, speeding, harsh cornering, hard braking, harsh accelerating, and tailgating

30. HD Fleet

HD Fleet doesn’t just provide a dash cam for your fleet! Its cameras provide an unparalleled view into your fleet by offering the following:

• Full reviews of accident footage, which can be used as evidence in conflicting reports of events
• A reduction in motor vehicle risks. Their technology confirms that drivers are wearing their seat belts and concentrating on the road
• GPS tracking, reporting, and geofencing, in addition to video telematics
• Actionable insights into the behavior and driving pattern of your drivers
• A simple and intuitive interface that allows you to access and review footage on their cloud server
• The tools you need to coach your drivers to modify their risky driving behaviors
• 720p incident cameras featuring a tamper-resistant design
• A panic button that can be used to mark important footage during an emergency

31. RAM Tracking

RAM Tracking prides itself on the dash cams they have specifically designed for business. You get to enjoy these perks with its dash cam:

• Offer a 380GW HD vertical lens static dash cam that includes the latest dash cam technology
• Help to improve driver safety and reduce insurance claims
• Come with a professional, simple installation
• Come from an award-winning team with outstanding customer service
• Continuously record to monitor footage of accidents, crashes or dangerous driving
• Act as a deterrent to potential thieves attempting to break into or steal the vehicle
• Can provide you with the data that you need to coach drivers and eliminate risky maneuvers
• Fully compatible with the RAM Tracking suite, enabling you to track and watch your vehicles and drivers to ensure that vehicles are being used correctly

32. Rhino Fleet Tracking

Rhino Fleet Tracking has you covered with dash cams, too. Its dual-facing dash cam technology:

• Offers two-way visibility, with a 360-degree view inside and outside of the vehicle
• Provides 24/7 security for your driver and your vehicle
• Feeds into the same GPS tracking system to relay crucial driver data
• Provides your team with visual documentation of your driver’s behavior
• Greatly reduces risk and liability, especially in court
• Can be used to help reduce insurance premiums
• Is easily installed by simply sticking it to the windshield
• Allows office teams to access and view events quickly, moments after they have occurred

33. GoFleet

GoFleet offers a range of fleet dash cam systems through third parties. Those fleet dash cams features:

• The Zenducam Z6, an innovative camera with real-time video transmission
• Recognize driver distraction and immediately sound an alarm
• Come from some of the most reliable names in the industry, including Samsara
• Automatically detect unsafe driving conditions
• Use artificial intelligence to identify events on the road and send notifications immediately
• All record crucial on-the-road footage that can be used to exonerate innocent drivers
• Provide undeniable insight into daily fleet activity
• Improve the security of your fleet and boost road safety for everyone

34. SureCam

SureCam was the first UK network-connected commercial dash cam provider, and they now serve thousands of fleets around the globe. Their dash cams feature:

• A range of devices, including forward-facing, dual-facing and exterior side/rear dash cams
• Assists in reducing claim costs and increasing safety across the fleet
• Caters for fleets from 3 to 5,000
• Real-time visibility of what is happening on the road
• Instantly transmit videos to the cloud
• Provides solutions at affordable prices
• Enables you to incentivise drivers to improve their driving
• Includes GPS tracking options, trip history, alerts and reporting

Road-Worthy Choices: Dash Cam Selection Criteria

As an industry expert in business fleet advice, I’ve thoroughly researched and tested different products to find the best dash cams for commercial fleets.

• Dash cams are evaluated based on critical factors: features, technology, business application, and cost
• The goal is to identify dash cams optimized for enterprise fleet needs rather than consumer models
• Find safety features, including intelligent parking mode, night vision, and audio recording
• Rigorous assessment ensures high-quality recommendations tailored to the operational realities and safety requirements of managing vehicle fleets
• For larger vehicle fleets, specific dash cam solutions are explored as fleet needs may differ from light passenger vehicles
• Ultimately, the dash cam recommendations aim to address the pain points and cost pressures fleets face

Frequently Asked Questions

Conclusion

Motive, Verizon Connect, and Garmine Fleet are leading options for comprehensive, user-friendly fleet dash cams. Comparing exact needs to dash cam capabilities and fleet size is critical to choosing what provides real ROI. Dash cams serve their purpose when owned by fleets focused on driver coaching and risk mitigation.